دکتر روح الله عالمی author text article 2002 per It is clear that the most fondamental difference between speech and philosophy is about their method that they use for reaching their aims. The cTistian speech is ont exception. The cristian talkers, for explaining their religious thoughts and ideas, used reasons that are very weak. From the beginning there were disputs and long discutions among talkers and philosophers that non of them caused fruitful results. one of foundanental thoughts that caused serious changes in cristian speech performed by Akam and his followers. He claimed that principals of religion can not be proved through logical reasons. This principale expanded to the general discusion and then to the quality and essence of God. A/though it was confronted with serious oppositions but it had a profound effect on cristian speech. دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی 164 v. 0 no. 2002 https://jflh.ut.ac.ir/article_13807_a7a65c291e531daca760016b35bb7fd0.pdf دکتر علی محمد مؤذنی author text article 2002 per This article is an effort to present a comparative analytical study of the mystic thoughts of two renowend mystics, namely Khwaja Yusuf Hamadani and Shaikh Najamuddin Razi in the light of their works, e. g. Rutbat al Hayat and Mersadul Ebad. Both the works speak of the similar mystic issues. In fact the contents are addressed to the publis and followers for their queries on different mystical issues. As the book, Rutbat al Hayat, begins with the questions of the public, for exampll._ as, "What is life?, and what is the aim of life?" In the same manner Mersadul Ebad also offers explanation to the questions and curiostic queries an different related issues. Dil (heart and soul) "Zikr' are also discussed in the said works. دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی 164 v. 0 no. 2002 https://jflh.ut.ac.ir/article_13808_49034e3914dffa7fa110b831452261c9.pdf دکتر سیّدامیر محمود انوار author text article 2002 per The age of lesan - 01 - Qeib irJ famous for well known and great gnostics such as Emad Al - ddin Ali Faqih Kermani the gnostic poet whose name was known as a coll1emporeray poet with Hafez and for hirJ literary political and mystic competions with Hafez. In this article the author tried to comment mystically the ellegy that delivered in Emad Kermani congress at 2001 in Kerman University دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی 164 v. 0 no. 2002 https://jflh.ut.ac.ir/article_13809_5840edecea95567cc1905af0e288376a.pdf دکتر عباس کی منش author text article 2002 per This article is the result of struggle to illtroduce Sa}yed Mir Hassall Shirazi from the family of prophet (P.R. UH) ami "Valait" who guided Allama Dr. Muhammad Iqbal Lahori Ilamillg Iqbal ill youllger age and gave him education alld traillillg alld produced from him a powerfull poet in Persiall literature alld a mystic persollality ill the Islamic mysticism and hallded over him the sword of light to fight agaiflSt cruelty alld illiteracy. دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی 164 v. 0 no. 2002 https://jflh.ut.ac.ir/article_13810_4ee78eac095c3e54b4d29c3f0cc846ab.pdf دکتر منوچهر دانش پژوه author text article 2002 per The Iranian culture is a culture with an ancient histo!)' of knowledge, wisdom, tradition and cultural practices. Throughout the long histo!)' of their homeland, Iranians continuously constructed and preseIVed their culture. The Iranian culture, in tum, preseIVed the identity and life of Iran and Iranians. Every nation owes its significance and distinction over other to its culture, so the appraised Iranian culture has made Iranians distinct among all nations. Many nations world wide have imposed their culture to other nations through invasion and war. But history proves that the invaders who attacked our count!}', such as the Greeks and Mughals, were all impressed and affected by the Iranian culture. دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی 164 v. 0 no. 2002 https://jflh.ut.ac.ir/article_13811_751544cb42c85de029cd4d4b1e1224c8.pdf دکتر مرتضی حاج حسینی author text article 2002 per The wise man Knows that there is Knowledge higher that his, and this causes him to be humble, while the ignora1ll one thinks that there is no limit for his Knowledge. (al-Kindi, 185-252 A.H.) Etplaining the reality of Knowledge and the way to access to the most truth is among the interesting issues. to which the philosophers, since the ve')' begining of philosophy. have paid attelition, and feel themselves compelled to discuss this issue. Yet, it is among the unsolved philosophical enigmas. In the Islamic philosophy, this problem is approached from the angle of the relation between perception and perceived thing 011 the one hand, and the relation between the perception and perceiving thing 011 the other. Taking the definition of Knowledge as the illustration of the realiy of object or the presence of the quiddity of object in perciving one, this issue has always faced the well-known problem of association between substance and accident. This cause many theories to appear: J) the theo')' of quality of correlated essence;2) the tlleo')' of image; 3) the tlleo')'. in which quiddity is employed to provide various explications. In the present article,after discussing the developmellt of the doctrines of Muslim philosophers, the author will go 011 to analyze each one of these theories, and will explain their persumptions, the factors which are of influence in their development, the objection adduced against them in terms of standards such as consistency, independence, and completeness, and their resistance against the skeptic attacks. دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی 164 v. 0 no. 2002 https://jflh.ut.ac.ir/article_13812_cfa29cce8cbd65ab03f11c7f937d4da6.pdf دکتر محمد سپهری author text article 2002 per In the umavid's era there were two kina's of active centers scientific and literary 1. Centers that were established before the emergence of Islam by some of the ethnic Greesks, Iranians and syncs, in Egypt, Iran and cities like Nasibein and Raha, mostly dealt with rational and medical sciences. These centers were active for a long time without being dependent on Islamic caliphate reigns and could continue their scientific and research works. 2. Centers that were flourished by the efforts of the moslem nations, tumed into great Islamic science and civilization centers. In these places, rather than Hadith other Islamic and Quranic sciences including (readings and interpretations) were mostly practised, while the other branches of sceinces did not have a place at that time. دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی 164 v. 0 no. 2002 https://jflh.ut.ac.ir/article_13813_efb927cf12f127a82716706129f9156f.pdf دکتر اکبر نحوی author text article 2002 per Faramarz - nameh is a collection of verses ill praise of the chivalry of faramarz, the son of Rustam in India, put to verses in 7600 couplets and printed in Bombay in 1324 A.H/A.D.1906. Dr. lalal Khaleqi Mutlaq in the second part to his "Epic Studies" has undertaken to analyze the colllents of this collection and in addition, with reference to verse directly quoted from the Faramarz - nameh has attempted to determine the author and the period in which it was put to verse. The present study is a continuation of Dr.Khaleqi's discussiollS. This researcher has attempted to prove that the author of the Faramarz - nameh, Raft ai-Din Marzban - i Farsi, was one of the poets of the 12('TH) century who belonged to the Fars province. The Faramarz- nameh was approximately put in to verse in the westem province of Iran approxmately around the year 555 A.H./A.D.1160. دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی 164 v. 0 no. 2002 https://jflh.ut.ac.ir/article_13814_88c4b730a68a013d6b87fdc3da3e8812.pdf دکتر ناصر نیکو بخت author text article 2002 per Rumi in one of the greatest men of literature and a famous islamic knower in the seventh century. His Mathnavi is a great ocean of high human knowledge, which contains some of the islamic kinds of knowledge. The idea of decree and destiny is an arguable debate of the islamic theology with in many couplets of his sit part Matlmavi. The purpose of this essay is the examination of this poets viewpoint about the mentioned theological debate. The essay consist of all introduction about the history of the subject, the defi1l1ion of decree and destiny in Matima vi,' and finally Rumis answer to the doubts stemed from belief in decree and destiny will be examined. دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی 164 v. 0 no. 2002 https://jflh.ut.ac.ir/article_13815_faeb76cefdf0ee3b1459ba8f2c6cb466.pdf دکتر سید هاشم بطحائی author text article 2002 per One of the diffierent kinds of human arts is the ideal manifestation of putting the words into vese. This ancient art is a divine blessing and beyound every one's capacity. Since long time ago, the poets were the best and the only propagandistic way of people, groups, rulers, and merchants to express the claimallls' opinions according to their requests in the form of the words. Some of them wanted to lampoon the people or to rejuvenize their days of youth and some others requested to be praised. The poets as the propagato!)' tools acted in two different ways. Some of them composed the good and suitable poems such as Farazdagh. Deable, Komait, Sadi, Hafez and so on, the others play their roles in accordact to others', will and to their personal situatiollS. They also put their words illlo verse in a business manner. Islam distingubihes the divine poets from the others. In this research we have tried to express the poem, the History and their different kinds and rules according to the present capability of research. دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی 164 v. 0 no. 2002 https://jflh.ut.ac.ir/article_13816_5f74818190c3c5eeb1fb66fbc2570d18.pdf دکتر عبدالرضا سیف author text article 2002 per Human being has always wanted to know where he has come from and where he is heading to since he came to know himself. 17le idea of passing through this world like the changing of days and nights or seasons has cast a dark shadow on his heart and soul. 17lis has left him neither a way to stay nor a way to escape. To gnostic poets, the eternal life means human perfection and development from soil to the heavens. 17lis is why Sanaei, and later on Mawlavi, has got lovingly engaged in describing the eternal resting place considering the day of resurrection as the de vine meeting, the heaven as the time of joinig the sweetheart, and the hell as the departure from Him. دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی 164 v. 0 no. 2002 https://jflh.ut.ac.ir/article_13817_286871014c609f13bcc1eeebe0c41177.pdf مریم دانای طوسی author آقای دکتر علی درزی author text article 2002 per Considering the obligatory co-reference of the null subject of complement clause with the matrix direct object in selllences like (1) below, the sentence seems to involve object control structure within Govemment and Binding theory (Chomsky, 1981). Leila Maryaml ra va da r kard (ke) lei dars bexa Had}. Based on the Vacuous Movement Hypothesis, I show that Hashemipour's analysis about the syntactic nature of the null subject (of complement clause) in such sentences is problematic, as. the null subject is not a wh-trace. Since the null subject is obligatorily dependent on an antecedent in the main clause and since we cannot replace it with an NP or pronoun, I claim that the null subject is a "PRO". Adopting the VP Intemal Subject H)pothesis (Koopman & Sportiche, 1998), and following Radford's Proposal regarding the subject Position, I claim that "PRO" in the related sentences is in the Spec-VP of the complement clau5e. Following Karimi (1989) and Darzi (1996), I suppose that Persian verbs typically govem their intemal arguments to the right, as far as the direction of writing is concemed so that they cannot govem the position of Spec-VP 011 the left. On the other hand, the Spec-VP cannot be govemed by finite Infl of the complement clause. Following Hashemipollr (1989) I suppose that, in Persian, Infl is 011 the right of the VP. As the directionality of govemmelll in Persian phrasal categories is to the right, finite Inf/ of the complement clause cannot govern into the embedded Spec-VP position. It means that "PRO" in the Spec-VP is ungoverned. Since "PRO" needs no case, it doesn't have to move to the Spec-IP of complement clause (which is in the government domain of the embedded Inf/). Therefore, PRO Theorem i._ not violated in Persian. دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی 164 v. 0 no. 2002 https://jflh.ut.ac.ir/article_13818_3d7f06665cb606bb5ee29fd37e2838e0.pdf دکتر محمدرضا رضوانی author text article 2002 per Rural development as development target and or a strategy for achievement to it is, emphasis in many countries, particular in developing countries. The planning has a role very importance in mral development. In addition to this, the Mal development planning has several stages such as; plan preparation implementation, plan monitoring and evaluation. Therefore to use of an obvious methodology is necessary in process of mral development planning. There are many methodologies on mral development. But the methodology of mral development planning of a countr)' must be framed in the context of its political and social systems. 17lere/ore it is unrealistic to conceive a general or ideal methodology application for all countries. دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی 164 v. 0 no. 2002 https://jflh.ut.ac.ir/article_13819_5568ecddd0098e8c0f1e568e7ca8a0b3.pdf احمد علی یاری author text article 2002 per The use of computer's capabilities in the archaeological research is a recent trend around the world. So far a few softwares have been designed for archaeological investigaiton. especially the particular software as database which functiollS to make data collecting, sorting and processing of excavated materiaLs so easy with a higher precision It is obviou'S that such a trend is in its infancy in Iran, and the computerisbvs archaeology and archaeological research needs further development. However, this research may open up the way for the further collSideration دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی 164 v. 0 no. 2002 https://jflh.ut.ac.ir/article_13820_b831e13d354283122bd193f5b3b7c662.pdf پروین تاجبخش author text article 2002 per For understanding of the works of each poet or writer. perception of his / her thought back ground id IlScessary . In this article the writer tries to collSider the reflctiollS of Esmaeilieh Thoughts in the works of A/tSser Khosro briefly and to present a brief explanation over it in a way useful for those interested ill it. The main target of the writer in this research is to find a way for better preception of the thoughts of this Esmaeili relgion poet and probably to make it easy for others. دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی 164 v. 0 no. 2002 https://jflh.ut.ac.ir/article_13821_08b89f948e9160e48948fc25333d3114.pdf دکتر عالیه کرد زعفرانلو کامبوزیا author text article 2002 per Glottal articulation occurs, in the LaT)'fIX, by the jtLttaposition of the vocal cords. Glottal stop is used in Persian before initial vowels, as in {? ABA)) J. Up to flOW, many articles have been written about the glottal stop in Persian, but still many questio11S remain to be addressed about this segment. Some authors do not regared the glottal stop as a phoneme in Persian, but it is also used as a phoneme in some contexts. In this article, it has been shown that there are two kinds of glottal stop il1 Persia1l, according to the distribution of glottal stop and compe11SatOl)' lengthening. One of them is an wulerlyng phoneme and the other one .is the result of the process of illSertioll. 17ze former has a complete distribution in the onset and the coda of a syllable, but the latter is just found ill the onset at the beginning of a word. If the underlying glottal stop is deleted in the coda, this deletion causes compe11SatoT)' lengthening. The underlying glottal stop is suggested to have a slot in the skeletal tier, but other one does not have this slot in the skeletal tier. دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی 164 v. 0 no. 2002 https://jflh.ut.ac.ir/article_13822_0f36dadec58e9247e8baa3c7c6a47c2b.pdf دکتر عباسقلی محمدی author text article 2002 per There are a lot of books and essays which are written on Persian literature, values and beauties. Here, in this essay we are going to say that this literature has a constant foundation and some powerful founder. We know that Baihaghi, Nasir khusraw and Balami were the best writher or dabir in their period and they are our literature founders so, our literature has a constant foundation. The second problem is our prose structure in this period. For example Nasir do not say من صحرایی دیدم عظیم he says من صحرایی عظیم دیدم Now our question is, why we do not say as Nasir has told. دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی 164 v. 0 no. 2002 https://jflh.ut.ac.ir/article_13823_a0ecdd00c31e7a6bdf0cdf6e0d65dc65.pdf دکتر مصطفی شیروی خوزانی author text article 2002 per Imam Ali (A.S) is a figure who is not limited to any certain group, ideology, or faith. ever since the advent of the religion of Islam, very great people with diverse predilectiollS and intere,5ts have found themselves deeply anchallled with his supreme character. hence they tried their hands at describing him according to their talellls, illclinatiollS, and temperament. The present article concenzs the degree of his presence in colllemporal)' Arabic poetry. To thi'i end. several qasidas and divans of poetl)' were studied; samples of various poems composed with regard to Imam Ali (A.S) are brought in here under various headj:ngs. They encompass almost a greater facets of his life. According to the author. Imam Ali (A.S) was not regarded unjustly, rather most aspects of his life and matchless attributes have caught the attention of poets. Many a poet, Shiite, Swmite, Christian made use of their talents by giving a mention of the virtues of Imam Ali (A.S) in their works. دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی 164 v. 0 no. 2002 https://jflh.ut.ac.ir/article_13824_0a1655c8e254a52d6cc6524290814560.pdf دکتر کمال الدین نیکنامی author text article 2002 per Over much of Qazvin Plain denudation has distributed or destroyed Neolithic land surfaces and shallow subsoil colltexts. Cultural material, containing domestic debris occasionally come to light by chance, either through the excavation of late-period sites or through natural and human activities. But once the artifacts from these contexts become exposed to natural weathering agencies, those composed of organic and ceramic materials. Frequelltly disintegrate, however lithic artifacts are more resiliellt and are easily recognizable 011 the surface of di'!tributed ground. Clearly controlled surface survey is the most promising field survey method for retrieving traces of domestic and other activities of Neolithic Period from areas of disturbance. The aim of this short preliminary paper i'! to discu'!s the potelltial and limitation of thi'! form of field survey as a method for locating and definnig Neolithic selliement sites. دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی 164 v. 0 no. 2002 https://jflh.ut.ac.ir/article_13825_4703f45b69e091b1cc5856055a560ca6.pdf دکتر معصومه شبستری author text article 2002 per Ammar was a fiery spirit in Alavi body (Nazrat Ali Follower) who had an honourable position among truth belivers, lespectfulmen and Muslems. The aim of this research is to study the literary homilies and beautiful poetries of Ammar Yasser that have been remained from him. These poetries are few but original, simple and unomament. The concept of all poetries. is to protect the Alavi's velayat (the govemment of Hazrat Ali A.S. the SOI1 - in . law of prophet) and M ohammadans, but they have good and strong structure. The poetry and homilies of Ammar Yasser have not been considered from literary point of view by the literary crities because of fewne.'iS and simplicity. دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی 164 v. 0 no. 2002 https://jflh.ut.ac.ir/article_13826_0568e51c3849ece01763b59e5252d6d7.pdf دکتر حسینمراد محمدی author text article 2002 per The study of climate, as all important water alld soil controlling factor, is significant. However, climate plays an important role in plant distribution. For this, meteorological information are importan for agricultrual decisions making. Agricultural especialislts in short and long terms, need atmospheric information in making decisions. Climatic elements effect on soyabeans crop from seedillg cultivation to harvesting is important. Soyabeans cultivation in spring farm begins On last May, but in summer farm after wheat harvesting. Hill and Salzar are two important varieties in the area study. Soyabeans harvesting, depending On early and late harvest varieties, begins 0n middle of October. The statistical data analysis 0n soyabeans harvesting during 15 years and water crop requirements showed that there is a correlation between crop yield and water crop requirements. Also, deeply soil clay and salld humus have provided cultivation conditions in regional plain!. دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی 164 v. 0 no. 2002 https://jflh.ut.ac.ir/article_13827_7e9438127eea140e9c00fc96d6f546b9.pdf دکتر مهرناز بهروزی author text article 2002 per TIle territories of Eastem part of Islamic caliphate was faced with great difficulties around the era of Mogol invasion: TIle absence of centeral reliable power, the multiplicity of power and conflict to gain more power oppression of the rnlers upon people, sultan Mohammad's appetite for more power, the AnNaser intention to restore the lost paramount of Abbassid caliphate. The tellSion hetween the caliph and the sultall. The seditiollS of Ismailite sect, Sufi's superstition, the religious biases and bitter debate between various sects, the ever - increasing taxes and tributes, the occurance of natural catastrophes such as famine and eatrhlJuake, all and all terminated to a critical condition and finally the rise of a fresh and powerful rule of Chengis Khan in the desert of Mongolia led to a great change in Islamic world, specially in the Enstem Islamic territories دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی 164 v. 0 no. 2002 https://jflh.ut.ac.ir/article_13828_6b34b85732f13231ad0ce4f8eb7a7cb4.pdf حسین مهرجردی author text article 2002 per Chronology is a science of time measunnent in tenns of dates. days. months and years. Chronology has a historical backgroulld of well over ten thousand years. It involves the most important proh/em of firillg the commencing date of a calelldar(' ). In order to estimate periods of time. it is necessary to detennine starting date of the successive turns of the year. Next in importance is to apply units of time-peliods for scielltific measunnent of actual passage of time in relation to the starting date of a calendar. For the purpose of fixing the commencement date a majoer historical event is taken into consideration. The Christian or A.D. Calendar begins from the date of birth of Jesus Christ (May Gods peace be Upon him).from Islamic Hijri Calendar starts from the date of migration of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (May Allah:., Peace and Benediction be upon him) from Makkah to Madina. The Islamic Calendar is named Hijri Calendar, which had its Solar (or Irallian) and Lunar versions. At present. Iranian, Islamic and Christian Calendars are available for obtaining whatever dates, days, months and years one may require from the calendars. The writer of this article presents conversion tables prepared according to the relevant rules and formulas of Chronology based On the successive tums of the year and its months. The tables make it possible to obtain corresponding dates or days among the Hijri (Solar), and A.D. Calendars over a period of 169 years in the case of A.D. Calendar and 338 years for A.H. (Solar) Calendar. دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی 164 v. 0 no. 2002 https://jflh.ut.ac.ir/article_13829_f70dd6df63c884b6be929b4a01f55ea6.pdf دکتر محمدرضا پورجعفر author text article 2002 per The inhabitants of the costal region along the Percian Gulf have leamed through experience that how to collect the valuable flood water in a traditional way and live in this way for ages. In this paper, first, the age old Eco - system of collecting flood water and it's parts has been defined, and then the contemporary problems that abused the system are identified. The information and data collected from field surrey have been analyses and finally various guide/ined regarding revitalization of the traditional system and its parts are reported. 711is would help to avoid last of thousand cubic meters of water (for drinking and vegetable) and at the same time reduces flood hazard problems which is due to altering of old system while implanting development plam. Detail area plan of Bandar kong, with respect to eco systems also as an exmple for future development has been given. دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی 164 v. 0 no. 2002 https://jflh.ut.ac.ir/article_13830_0c439f6be78dee46d69ed399f0737d18.pdf سهیلا موسوی سیرجانی author text article 2002 per "Love" and "Wisdom" have always been two powerful and opposing- kings in the reign of Iranian literature and the mystical poetl)' as well. To surrender to one of these kings meallS to refuse to comply the other. 71ren in the canon of love. where the possessed lover knows the leamed and wise scholars as the tutees of love. we come across a couple of verses in Sanayi the orchard: Two bird\' for two ends have been chosen 11re wise parrot and the lover billem (The orchard; page 329) CollSidering these words. one can say Sanayi singes out parrot for wisdom. and bi1tem for love. Aims to distinguish the characterisitics of Ihe Parrot. as Ihe knowing joumeyer to Ihe reign of wisdom in comparison 10 the self - sacrificing bittem has been the very inducement to gather thise collection. According to Attar's Conference of Birds those characteristics of parrot and billem are mentioned. and when compared. revealed to be compatible with the idiosyncrasies and ideas of the mystics. Parrot. the sweet- singing bird in green, being as 1- devoted to sellSual pleasure 2- word copier 3- glorious 4- searching for life- potion 5- willing 10 reign 6- rejecting pm:sion and presumption. is not capable to be accepted in the school of love, but just the selected of wisdom. Bitten}, OIl the tun}, being 1. Voiceless 2. tame 3. fond of solitude 4.impoverished 5. downcast 6. diseased 7. barmy 8. zealous (and believing in the love of truth) 9. self - denial 10. self - sacrifice i5 liable to be chosen as the bird of love in Sanayi's 77le Orchard Now that you've become the very bird of truth you'll not abide, no one, but the Truth (Conference of Birds: page 99) دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی 164 v. 0 no. 2002 https://jflh.ut.ac.ir/article_13831_400bd17de1a9c573a4e172d76e79d6b4.pdf دکتر شهریار خالدی author text article 2002 per Hydrology of snow plays important role in arid countries like Iran. In this paper. distribution of torrent . inundation, avalanche are the .ljUbjects that have been carefully examined. Wann weather in spring creates avalanches, therefore, it is of vital importance to divise scientific methods to prevent destruction of nature from avalanche and torrent. Planting , artificial forest, uring wire screens . artificial avalanche explosion by canon would reduce the real danger of avalanche. (In figure 2 appropriate method. in slopes have been drawn). Snow density in the cities and roads cause essential problems and the mecessary equipment is needed to reduce the risks. دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی 164 v. 0 no. 2002 https://jflh.ut.ac.ir/article_13832_f2ee41bde4c71fa7d9abc0efd9370604.pdf دکتر فرهنگ خادمی ندوشن author text article 2002 per About the history of eastem Iran from Achamaenian till the death of Alexander very little information has been recorded by the ancient writers, even the Cyrns were killed by the northem tribes, but always eastem Iran were a secure place for the Persian, when there were invaded by the forigners. Achamaenian recieved many gift from eastem Iran even in the form of tax, And. in thier records mentioned a huge amowlt of tat in the form of gold dust were recieved by them. Tatila were last satraps of them and were a terminal between east and west in Achamaenian period. Assist of Indian in the Darius III war with Alexander were mentioned by the ancient chronicles. and last aim of Alexander were taken rule over there. by the death of Alexander in Babolynia his try'ing for making a united world under his authority were undo. In this article we are investigating the political situation in the achamaenian period in the eastem Iran till the death of Alexander and trying to gave more light to the dark age in this region. دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی 164 v. 0 no. 2002 https://jflh.ut.ac.ir/article_13833_6c975e4ea5a3227fd913ec11d3f781f6.pdf دکتر شهاب ستوده نژاد author text article 2002 per Iranians residing in Central-Asia, consist of various tribes, whose lifestyles and the geographical location of their societies, has facilitated Silk-Road trades with the Fareastem world. Thus, since the era of the Arsacid - Parthian dynasty, as well as the Sasanian age, Central Asiatics, have been motivated to become exposed to the Buddhist faith, to the extent that, many amongst them, became converts and propagators of Buddhism in Sinicized Asia, via teachings and translations as far as Southeast Asia and China. Indeed, despite its South Asian Origins. and orientation, Buddhism was introduced in the Fareast. via dedicated efforts of Iranian converts since the second century' AD. Notably in its, Mahayallivtic colllext', which had wzderwent lranic metamorphosis via Zoroastrian - derived concepts, which became a tuming point in growth of Buddhism in the Fareast zone of China Qlzd Souteastem Asia. دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی 164 v. 0 no. 2002 https://jflh.ut.ac.ir/article_13834_5097ee834b1ef5f6c35c13e3f57b4689.pdf دکتر محمد جواد سعدی شاهرودی author text article 2002 per Music is the best alld the oldest mailer world among all the arts of the world and used by people all over for along time. People's voices gives human's salis faction music is one of the human secses in all even children. In all divine religions or indivine religions have approved this as a human sese alld if we see every nation there is a religious song among the most of the sound comes in the form of pyayer and expressing feelings towards: the metaphysic force and knowingly to all needs and to undertake them. دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی 164 v. 0 no. 2002 https://jflh.ut.ac.ir/article_13835_db8332d8196d7dcba7adce0c7c0b4051.pdf دکتر سوسن بیانی author سید رسول موسوی حاجی author text article 2002 per Many researchers and historians believe that the city of "Zarang", which was the headquarter of Sistan since Sassardds era and remained the same until the devastating attack of 1imurids in 780 H. , is the same city of "Shahr - e - Sistan". Contrary to this, the authors suggest that when "Zarang" lost its political role in the late 4th century of Hijrat (10th A.D), "Shahre - e - Sistan" city became the new capital so called "Dar . al hokumeh" of Sistan and remained as capital till the early 9th cenlUlJl of Hijrat (15th A.D). In this article, the authors try to prove the accuracy of the change of the capital from "Zarang" to "Shahr - e - Sistan" as an important historical event by reffering to different valid historical resources. دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی 164 v. 0 no. 2002 https://jflh.ut.ac.ir/article_13836_b4255e6318f80a023fb9f5c6fd81e03a.pdf دکتر حسن طلایی author text article 2002 per Technological aspects of ancient metallurgy within overall study of the Iranian Prehistoric cultures are very important. In this article after a brief outline of the first appearance of metal using in the Iranian plateau, the history and general trend of metallurgy in the North Central Iran are studied in detail. In the last section, on the basis of the new excavated data from the Sagzabad excavation seasons of 1997-1999, technological aspects of metallurgy has been analysed by using laboratoTy techniques such as mineralogy during Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages (ca. 2100-800 B.c.). دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی 164 v. 0 no. 2002 https://jflh.ut.ac.ir/article_13837_00414f19e036d8c1fa5f9d24cb7bcc2d.pdf دکتر مجید وزیری author text article 2002 per TIle neglect of fathers' duties and the diminishment of their training role, particularly in the present era, have had adverse effects 011, and consequences for the children personality, the family ambience and the society atmosphere. TIle present articles dmls with the special position and role of father in training childrell, from the' Islamic perspective. In Islam the father's duties have been explained in extensive detail and distinctly as regards various stages of life within the framework of a training system. which duties can be classified and categorized distinctly. In this treatise. the significance of the training role of father and the implementation grounds of training duties of father in prior to marriage and prior to the child birth periods, including the educational, social, religious, and canonical training, as well as the requiremellls for discharging these duties in the best manner possible, from the Islamic perspective are separately discussed. دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی 164 v. 0 no. 2002 https://jflh.ut.ac.ir/article_13838_5b4c3ff5f4905c73ed47a19539f48769.pdf دکتر حسن کامران author text article 2002 per Nautical strategy specifies the nautical policy. Paying attention to sea and its affairs and their progress has a basic and stable role in regional development. Govemments have always tried to gain access to sea, somehow. Because of lacking noutical strategy and having land policy the Islamic Republic of iran still dose not care about nautical teritOry islands and ports. The collSequences of this ignorance are evident in islands and ports. Even in preparing teritOry readiness plan this lookout has not been changed. The reasollS of this being inattentive about nautical matters has been tried to specify in this analysis and to present the practical ways of modifing this viewpoint as well. دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی 164 v. 0 no. 2002 https://jflh.ut.ac.ir/article_13839_f182315f3565cb0bb76b9f1b8f447451.pdf دکتر کرامت الله زیاری author text article 2002 per The present study tries to analyse plan and planning of Iran from its inception of view: theoretical method, goals, strategies. organization and function through the application of a descriptive - analytical methodology. Seven plans until now have already been implimellted in Iran. The first and the two seven - years plans have been prepared with centralized organization and non - comperhensive pattern. These plans lacked quantitative growth and were prepared only according to a complex instructional projects and resources allotment tables. The third, fourth and fifth 5 years - plans of the past achieved and annual growth of 8.5, 13.1 and 16.3 precents in G.lV. P. Thus, all the دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی 164 v. 0 no. 2002 https://jflh.ut.ac.ir/article_13840_5ed69a34e4fea3aecdab4aa6e962aadb.pdf Dr. K A. Niknami author text article 2002 per It is well known that the archaeological heritage of Iran is characterized by a wealth and diversity that make for an outstanding heritage. There is a wide variety of archaeological heritage ranging from ancient times to the different historical periods before and after Islam. Currently the nation’s third largest industry, tourism is growing every year. Cultural tourism is one of the fastest growing aspects of tourism, with many archaeological sites becoming increasingly popular as tourist attractions. Cultural tourism is defined as “visits by persons from outside the host community motivated wholly or in part by interest in historical, artistic, scientific or lifestyle/heritage offerings of a community, region or group. It can also serve broader societal objectives of increasing awareness, understanding and appreciation of the past and of cultural identities. Cultural heritage tourism is an important contributor to the industry. Studies show that archaeological and historic places are major destinations for a growing number of travelers, both domestic and foreign. Heritage tourism is part of a larger trend known as cultural tourism. One of the hottest trends in the travel industry, cultural tourism is travel that encompasses Iranian sculture, history and environment. It is based on the idea that Iran is a rich country of distinct regions, ethnic backgrounds, cultural traditions and landscapes. This diverse history and unique social fabric can be experienced through such activities as visiting historic buildings, attending heritage festivals, listening to local music, touring archaeological sites, sampling ethnic cuisine, watching local crafts demonstrations, or viewing arts performances. The tourists who are searching for this type of unique, authentic experience are dubbed cultural tourists. Typically cultural tourists have a higher income level and a higher level of education. They tend to take longer trips, stay in hotels and be interested in shopping. The cultural tourism phenomenon has recently received international attention, culminating in the providing a list of strategies, preparation of a Cultural Tourism Plan by any nations that will guide state-wide efforts. In Iran work is already underway to lay the foundation for sustainable cultural tourism development. The Iranian government has allocated funds for tourism development. The Division of Tourism oversee plan development in partnership with the Cultural Heritage Organization, the Iranian Cultural Revolution Council, the Department of Natural Resources and other institutions, through both the national park system and the Archaeological and Historic Preservation Program. As the study progresses, the program will be looking to its many partners in the preservation community for help in gathering the information on cultural resources needed for a successful cultural tourism. In this paper I will briefly examine cultural heritage resource management, the state of tourism today and the bringing together of cultural preservation and tourism in the form of cultural tourism. I will conclude by presenting a series of challenges for those involved in ensuring that the quality of life in heritage areas can be enhanced through tourism development. دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی 164 v. 0 no. 2002 https://jflh.ut.ac.ir/article_30721_9b2d7f6ff745d9e85c8f4406077129d3.pdf